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Plasmonic Circuitry
Plasmonics is the study of plasmons, quasiparticles of plasma oscillation in solids such as metals, semi-metals, metal oxides, nitrides, doped semiconductors, etc. An effort is currently being made to implement plasmons in electric circuits, or in an electric circuit analog, to combine the size efficiency of electronics with the data capacity of photonic integrated circuits.〔T. W. Ebbesen, C. Genet, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Surface-plasmon circuitry”, Am. Inst. of Phys., 44 - 50, (2008)〕 Plasmonics can be understood as “light-on-metal-dielectric-interfaces,”〔S.A. Maier, Plasmonics, Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, New York, 2007).〕 where electrons oscillate at the surface of a metal due to strong resonant interactions with the electric field of incident light. Due to the high scattering rate of electrons, ohmic losses in plasmonic signals are generally large, which limits the signal transfer distances to the sub-centimeter range,〔W.L. Barnes 2006 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 S87〕 unless hybrid optoplasmonic light guiding networks〔Boriskina, S.V. & B.M. Reinhard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2011. 108(8): p. 3147-3151〕 or plasmon gain amplification〔Grandidier, J., et al. Nano Lett. 2009. 9(8): p. 2935-2939〕 are used. Both surface plasmon polaritons propagating along the metal-dielectric interfaces and localized surface plasmon modes supported by metal nanoparticles are characterized by large momentum values, which enable strong resonant enhancement of the local density of photon states,〔Materials Today, vol. 16, pp. 379-390, 2013〕 and can be utilized to enhance weak optical effects of opto-electronic devices.
==Current Issues==
One of the biggest issues in making plasmonic circuits a feasible reality is the impractically short propagation length of surface plasmons. Typically, surface plasmons travel distances only on the scale of millimeters before damping diminishes the signal.〔Brongersma, Mark. "Are Plasmonics Circuitry Wave of Future?" Stanford School of Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. .〕 This is largely due to the unique dispersion relation of surface plasmons, which shows that as confinement increases, resistive damping increases; thus, propagation length decreases.〔 Researchers are attempting to reduce losses in surface plasmon propagation by examining a variety of materials and their respective properties.〔Ozbay, E. "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions." Science 311.5758 (2006): 189-93. Web.〕 New promising low-loss plasmonic materials include metal oxides and nitrides〔Naik, G.V. et al, Opt. Mater. Express, 2011. 1(6): p. 1090-1099〕 as well as graphene.〔Vakil, A. & Engheta, N. Science, 2011. 332(6035): pp. 1291-1294〕 Another foreseeable barrier plasmonic circuits will have to overcome is heat; heat in a plasmonic circuit may or may not exceed the heat generated by complex electronic circuits.〔 In addition to heat, it is also difficult to change the direction of a plasmonic signal in a circuit without significantly reducing its amplitude and propagation length.〔 One clever solution to the issue of bending the direction of propagation is the use of Bragg mirrors to angle the signal in a particular direction, or even to function as splitters of the signal.〔Veronis, Georgios, and Shanhui Fan. "Bends and Splitters in Metal-dielectric-metal Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides." Applied Physics Letters 87.13 (2005): 131102. Web.〕
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